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Topical Acne Treatments

Selected References:

  • Akhavan A & Bershad S. 2003. Topical acne drugs: review of clinical properties, systemic exposure, and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol 4(7): 473-492.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Skin Conditions During Pregnancy, 2022, https://www.acog.org/patient-resources/faqs/pregnancy/skin-conditions-during-pregnancy
  • Andersen FA. 1998, Final report on the safety assessment of glycolic acid, ammonium, calcium, potassium, and sodium glycolates, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl glycolates, and lactic acid, ammonium, calcium, potassium, sodium, and TEA-lactates, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl lactates, and lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl lactates. Int J Toxicol. 17(Suppl 1):1–241.
  • Chien AL, et al. 2016. Treatment of Acne in Pregnancy. JABFM 29(2):254-262.
  • Collier EK, et al. 2021. Pregnancy and breastfeeding in hidradenitis suppurativa: A review of medication safety. Dermatologic Therapy. 34(1):e14674.
  • Fiume MZ. 1998. Final report on the safety assessment of glycolic acid, ammonium, calcium, potassium, and sodium glycolates, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl glycolates, and lactic acid, ammonium, calcium, potassium, sodium, and tea-lactates, and lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl lactates. Int J Toxicol 17(Suppl):1-241. Graupe K. et al. 1996. Efficacy and safety of topical azelaic acid (20 percent cream): An overview of results from European clinical trials and experimental reports. Cutis. 57:20–35.
  • Kong YL and Tey HL 2013. Treatment of Acne Vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation. Drugs 73(8):779-787.
  • Ly S, et al. 2023. Treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation: a narrative review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). Jan;13(1):115-130.
  • Meredith FM and Ormerod AD. 2013. The management of acne vulgaris in pregnancy. Am J Clin Dermatol. 14(5):351-358.
  • Murase JE,et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 70(3):401.e1-14.
  • Nacht S, et al. 1981. Benzoyl peroxide percutaneous penetration and metabolic disposition. J Am Acad Dermatol 4:31-37.
  • Panchaud A. et al. 2012. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to topical retinoids: A multicenter prospective study. J Clin Pharmacol 52(12):1844–1851
  • Song S, et al. 2003. Combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicities of benzoyl peroxide. J Toxicol Public Health 19(2):123-131.
  • Tyler KH, and Zirwas MJ. 2013. Pregnancy and dermatologic therapy. JAAD 68(4):663-671.
  • S. Food & Drug Administration. 2023. CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm
  • Yeung D, et al. 1983. Benzoyl peroxide: percutaneous penetration and metabolic disposition. II. Effect of concentration. J Am Acad Dermatol 9(6):920-924.
  • Williams AL, et al. 2020. Teratogen update: topical use and third‐generation retinoids. Birth Defects Research 112(15):1105-1114.
  • Wilmer E, et al. 2016. Drug Safety: Pregnancy rating classifications and controversies. Clinics in Dermatology 34(3):401-409.

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