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Cigarette Smoke

Selected References:

  • Andres RL, et al. 2000. Perinatal complications associated with maternal tobacco use. Semin Neonatol 5:231-41.
  • Anderson TM, Lavista Ferres JM, Ren SY, et al. Maternal Smoking Before and During Pregnancy and the Risk of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4):e20183325. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3325
  • Baki Yıldırım S, et al. 2023. The Effect of Active and Passive Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on the Uterine Artery Blood Flow and Obstetric Outcomes: A Prospective Study. Cureus; 15(2):e35270.
  • Brand JS, Gaillard R, West J, et al. Associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with longitudinal fetal growth: Findings from Mendelian randomization and parental negative control studies. PLoS Med. 2019;16(11):e1002972. Published 2019 Nov 13. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002972
  • Briggs GG, et al. 2011. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 9th ed. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. P. 270-77.
  • Buyun L, Guifeng X, et al. 2020. Maternal cigarette smoking before and during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: A dose-response analysis of 25 million mother-infant pairs. PLoS Med; 17(8):e1003158.
  • Cnattingius S. 2004. The epidemiology of smoking during pregnancy: smoking prevalence, maternal characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res 6(Suppl 2):S125-40.
  • Dechanet C, et al. 2010. Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 17(1):76-95.
  • Deng K, et al. 2013. Periconceptional paternal smoking and the risk of congenital heart defects: A case-control study. Birth Defects Res (Part A); 97:210-216.
  • Ellis LC, et al. 2012. Smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.
  • Einarson A, et al. 2009. Smoking in pregnancy and lactation : a review of risks and cessation strategies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 65:325-30.
  • Guo Q, et al. 2023. Mechanism of Human Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy Caused by Cigarette Smoking. Reprod Sci; 30(4):1074-1081.
  • Harrod CS, et al. 2015. Exposure to prenatal smoking and early-life body composition: the healthy start study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 23(1): 234-241.
  • Hackshaw A, et al, 2011. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod Update; 17(5):589-604.
  • Hernandez-Martinez C, et al. 2016. Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on infant language development: a cohort follow up study. Matern Child Health J. doi: 10.1007/s10995-016-2158-y.
  • Huizink AC, et al. 2006. Maternal smoking, drinking or cannabis use during pregnancy and neurobehavioral and cognitive functioning in human offspreing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:26-41.
  • Keyes KM, et al. 2014. Associations of prenatal maternal smoking with offspring hyperactivity: causal or confounded? Psychological Medicine 44: 857-867.
  • Kia F, et al. 2018. Examining characteristics associated with quitting smoking during pregnancy and relapse postpartum. Addict Behav; 78:114-119.
  • Ko, T-J, et al. 2014. Parental smoking during pregnancy and its association with low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth offspring: a birth cohort study. Pediatr Neonatol. 55(1):20-7.
  • Kwon JH, et al. 2015. The effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol and environmental tobacco smoke on the risk for ADHD: a large population-based study. Psychiatry Res 225(1-2): 164-168.
  • Lanari M, et al; “Study Group of Italian Society of Neonatology on Risk Factors for RSV Hospitalization.” 2015. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure increases hospitalizations for bronchiolitis in infants. Respir Res. 16:152.
  • Leite M, et al. 2014. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and risk for congenital malformations: results of a Danish register-based cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 93(8): 825-834.
  • Little J, et al. 2004. Tobacco smoking and oral clefts : a meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 82(3):213-8.
  • Liu B, et al. 2020. Maternal cigarette smoking before and during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: A dose-response analysis of 25 million mother-infant pairs. PLoS Med; 17(8):e1003158.
  • Lumley J, et al. 2009. Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev : CD001055.
  • Meyer MB et al. 1977. Perinatal events associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 103:464-476.
  • Meller SE, et al. 2014. Risk of childhood overweight after exposure to tobacco smoking in prenatal and early postnatal life. PLoS One 9(10): e109184.
  • Natacha M De Genna, et al. 2023. Trajectories of Return to Cigarette Smoking Up to 1 Year Postpartum Among People Who Quit Smoking During Pregnancy, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 875–881,
  • Nielsen A, et al. 2006. Maternal smoking predict the risk of spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 85(9):1057-65.
  • Oladipupo I, et al. 2022. Association between cigarette smoking and ovarian reserve among women seeking fertility care. PLoS One; 17(12):e0278998.
  • Philips EM, et al. 2020 Changes in parental smoking during pregnancy and risks of adverse birth outcomes and childhood overweight in Europe and North America: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 229,000 singleton births. PLoS Med; 17(8):e1003182.
  • Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2008. Smoking and infertility. Fertil Steril 90(Suppl 3):S254-9.
  • Ratnasiri AWG, et al, 2020. Smoking during Pregnancy and Adverse Birth and Maternal Outcomes in California, 2007 to 2016. Am J Perinatol; 37(13):1364-1376.
  • Rogers JM. 2009. Tobacco and Pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 28:152-60.
  • Schilling L, et al, 2021. Active and Passive Exposure to Tobacco and e-Cigarettes During Pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 25(4):656-665.
  • Salihu HM, et al. 2008. Prenatal tobacco use and risk of stillbirth: a case-control and bidirectional case-crossover study. Nicotine Tob Res. 10(1):159-66.
  • Soares SR, et al. 2007. Cigarette smoking affects uterine receptiveness. Hum Reprod. 22(2):543-7.
  • Soesanti F, et al. 2019. Antenatal exposure to second hand smoke of non-smoking mothers and growth rate of their infants. PLoS One; 14(6):e0218577.
  • Stick S. 2006. The effects on in-utero tobacco-toxin exposure on the respiratory system in children. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 6:312-6.
  • Stroud LR, et al. 2009. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and newborn neurobehavior: effects at 10 to 27 days. J Pediatr; 154(1):10-6. doi:
  • Sun J, et al. 2023. Dose-response association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of infant death: a nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine; 57:101858.
  • Timmermans SH, et al. 2014. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood overweight and fat distribution: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Pediatric Obesity 9: e14-e25.
  • Tarasi B, et al. 2022. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: a cross-sectional study over 10 years. BMC Public Health. 22(1):2403.
  • Toppila-Salmi S, et al. 2020. Maternal smoking during pregnancy affects adult onset of asthma in offspring: a follow up from birth to age 46 years. Eur Respir J; 55(6):1901857.
  • Tsinisizeli N, et al. 2015. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in meconium from Greek neonates and correlation with birth weight and gestational age at birth. Chemosphere. 119:1200-7.
  • Varner MW, et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network. 2014. Association between stillbirth and illicit drug use and smoking during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 123(1):113-125.
  • Wesselink AK, et al. 2019. Prospective study of cigarette smoking and fecundability. Hum Reprod; 34(3):558-567.
  • Zhang K, Wang X. 2013. Maternal smoking and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis. Legal Medicine 15: 115-121.

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