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Codeine

Selected References:

  • Akhigbe RE et al, 2022. Codeine alters female reproductive function by targeting ovarian steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis via the induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, Reproductive Toxicology vol. 109, 1-9. ISSN 0890-6238
  • Azuine RE et al, 2019. Prenatal risk factors and perinatal and postnatal outcomes associated with maternal opioid exposure in an urban, low-income, multiethnic US population. JAMA network 2(6): e196405-196405.
  • Berlin, C M Jr et al. 2009. Safety issues of maternal drug therapy during breastfeeding. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics vol. 85,1 (2009): 20-2.
  • Bowie, Alexa C et al. 2022. Prescribed opioid analgesics in early pregnancy and the risk of congenital anomalies: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne vol. 194,5 (2022): E152-E162.
  • Bracken MB. 1986. Drug use in pregnancy and congenital heart disease in offspring. N Engl J Med. 314(17):1120.
  • Bracken MB, Holford TR. 1981. Exposure to prescribed drugs in pregnancy and association with congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol. 58(3):336-344.
  • Brogly, SB, et al. 2021. Prenatal Opioid Analgesics and the Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes. Epidemiology. 32(3), 448–456.
  • Broussard CS, et al. 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 204(4):314.e1-11.
  • Chow, Cheuk Kiu, et al. 2015. Sedating drugs and breastfeeding. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien vol. 61,3 (2015): 241-3.
  • Corsi DJ, et al. 2020. Association of Maternal opioid use in pregnancy with adverse perinatal outcomes in Ontario, Canada, From 2012 to 2018. JAMA Netw Open. 3(7):e208256.
  • Corsi DJ, et al. 2021. The Effects of opioids on female fertility, pregnancy and the breastfeeding mother‐infant dyad: A Review. Clin Pharm Toxico.
  • Esposito, Daina B et al. 2022. Characteristics of Prescription Opioid Analgesics in Pregnancy and Risk of Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome in Newborns. JAMA network open vol. 5,8 e2228588.
  • Fältmarch S, et al. 2019. Use of opioids during pregnancy and effects of pregnancy outcomes. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 28: 1239– 1245.
  • European Medicines Agency Sciences Medicines Health. 2013. Assessment report for codeine-containing medicinal products indicated … Retrieved April 28, 2023, from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/referral/codeine-article-31-referral-prac-assessment-report_en.pdf
  • Fishman B, et al. 2019. Pregnancy outcome following opioid exposure: A cohort study. PLOS ONE 14(7): e0219061
  • Flannagan, K. S., et al. 2020. Is opioid use safe in women trying to conceive?. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 31(6), 844–851.
  • Fronczak CM et al, 2012. The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. Journal of andrology. 33(4): 515-528.
  • Interrante, Julia D et al. 2021. Prescription opioid use during pregnancy and risk for preterm birth or term low birthweight. Journal of opioid management vol. 17,3 (2021): 215-225.
  • Ito S. 2018. Opioids in Breast Milk: Pharmacokinetic Principles and Clinical Implications. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58: S151-S163.
  • Juurlink DN, et al. 2012. Postpartum maternal codeine therapy and the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. Clinical Toxicol. 50:5.
  • Kallen B & Reis M. 2015. Use of tramadol in early pregnancy and congenital malformation risk. Reprod Toxicol. 58:246-251.
  • Kelly LE, et al. 2013. A clinical tool for reducing central nervous system depression among neonates exposed to codeine through breast milk. PLoS ONE. 8(7):370073.
  • Khan K & Chang J. 1997. Neonatal abstinence syndrome due to codeine. Arch Dis Child. 76:F59-F60.
  • Konijnenberg, C. el at. 2022. Verbal and nonverbal memory in school-aged children born to opioid-dependent mothers. Early human development, 171, 105614.
  • Lazaryan, Moran et al. 2015. Codeine should not be prescribed for breastfeeding mothers or children under the age of 12. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) vol. 104,6 (2015): 550-6.
  • Lind JN, et al. 2017. Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations. A Systematic Review. Pediatrics. 139(6):e20164131.
  • Mactier, H. et al. 2020. Prenatal opioid exposure – Increasing evidence of harm. Early human development, 150, 105188.
  • Mangurten HH. 1980. Neonatal codeine withdrawal in infants of non-addicted mothers. Pediatrics. 65:159-160.
  • Meny, R G et al. 1993. Codeine and the breastfed neonate. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association vol. 9,4 (1993): 237-40.
  • Nair V, et al. 2012. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome due to maternal codeine use. Paediatr Child Health. 17(5):e40-e41.
  • Nezvalová-Henriksen K, et al. 2011. Effects of codeine on pregnancy outcomes from a large population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 67:1253-1261.
  • Rothman KJ, et al. 1979. Exogenous hormones and other drug exposures of children with congenital heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 109(4):433-439.
  • Rubenstein, E., et al. 2019. Brief Report: Maternal Opioid Prescription from Preconception Through Pregnancy and the Odds of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Autism Features in Children. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 49(1), 376–382.
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  • Sachs, Hari Cheryl, and Committee On Drugs. 2013. The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topics. Pediatrics vol. 132,3 (2013): e796-809.
  • Shaw GM, et al. 1992. Congenital cardiac anomalies relative to selected maternal exposures and conditions during early pregnancy. Eur J Epidemiol. 8(5):757-760.
  • Shaw GM, et al. 1998. Maternal illness, including fever and medication use as risk factors for neural tube defects. Teratology. 57(1):1-7.
  • Semet M et al, 2017. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology, 5(4), 640-663.
  • Sujan AC et al, 2019. Maternal prescribed opioid analgesic use during pregnancy and associations with adverse birth outcomes: A population-based study. PLoS Medicine. 16(12).
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2017. Use of codeine and tramadol products in breastfeeding women – questions and answers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm118113.htm. Accessed November 27, 2017.
  • Van Leeuwen G, et al. 1965. Narcotic withdrawal reaction in a newborn infant due to codeine. Pediatrics. 36:635-636.
  • Willmann, S, et al. 2009. Risk to the breast-fed neonate from codeine treatment to the mother: a
  • quantitative mechanistic modeling study. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 86, 634–43.
  • Yazdy MM, et al. 2013. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. 2013. Obstet Gynecol. 122(4):838-844.
  • Zierler S, Rothman KJ. 1985. Congenital heart disease in relation to maternal use of Bendectin and other drugs in early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 313(6):347-352.
  • Zipursky J & Juurlink DN. 2020. The Implausibility of Neonatal Opioid Toxicity from Breastfeeding. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 10.1002/cpt.1882.

 

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