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ACE Inhibitors

Selected References:

  • Al-Maawali A, et al. 2012. Taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors during pregnancy: is it safe? Can Fam Physician, 58(1):49-51.
  • Bateman BT, et al. 2017. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol, 129:174-184.
  • Briggs GG. 2002. Drug effects on the fetus and breast-fed infant. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 45(1):6-21.
  • Bullo M, et al. 2012 Hypertension. 2012 Pregnancy outcome following exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists: a systematic review. Hypertension, 60(2):444-450.
  • Cooper WO, et al. 2006. Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE Inhibitors. The New England Journal of Medicine,354(23):2443-2451.
  • De-Kun Li, et al. 2011. Maternal exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the first trimester and risk of malformations in offspring: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ, 343:d5931
  • Karthikeyan VJ, et al. 2011. Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers safe in pregnancy: a report of ninety-one pregnancies. J Hypertens, 29(2):396-369.
  • Hoelzenbein M, et al. 2018. Increased rate of birth defects after first trimester use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors – treatment or hypertension related? An observational cohort study. Pregnancy Hypertens, 13:65-71.
  • National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Accessed May 2015. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart/hbp-pregnancy
  • Pucci M, et al. 2015. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in women of childbearing age: risks versus benefits. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 8(2):221-231.
  • Quan A. 2006. Fetopathy associated with exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists. Early Hum Dev, 82(1):23-28.
  • Ruys TP, et al. 2014. Cardiac medication during pregnancy, data from the ROPAC. Int J Cardiol, 177(1):124-128.
  • Tabacova S, et al. 2003. Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal enalapril antihypertensive treatment. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 12(8):633-646.
  • Weber-Schoendorfer C, et al. 2020. Fetotoxic risk of AT1 blockers exceeds that of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: an observational study. J Hypertens, 38:133-41.

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